Category: Trading

What will we cover in this tutorial?

Dow theory was proposed by Charles H. Dow and is not an exact science. It is more how to identify trends in the market. In this tutorial we investigate the approach by testing it on data. Notice, that there are various ways to interpret it and often it is done by visual approximations, while we in this tutorial will make some rough assumptions to see if it beats the buy-and-hold approach of a stock.

First we will make our assumption on how to implement the Dow theory approach to make buy and sell indicators, which we will use as buy and sell markers in the market.

Step 1: Understand the Dow theory to make buy and sell indicators

The essence of Dow theory is that there are 3 types of trend in the market. The primary trend is a year or more long trend, like a bull market. Then on a secondary trend, the market can move in opposite direction for 3 weeks to 3 months. This can result in a pullback, that can seem like a bear market within the bull market. Finally, there are micro trends (less than 3 weeks) which can be considered as noise.

According to Dow theory each market has 3 phases. Our objective as an investor is to identify when a bear market turns into bull market.

Some visual example to understand the above will help a bit. A general bull market with primary and secondary trends could look like this.

Where you should notice that the temporary lows are all increasing along the way.

A similar picture for a bear market could be.

Here you should notice how the secondary bull markets peaks are also in a decreasing trend.

Step 2: Identify when a primary market trend changes

The key here is to identify when a primary stock trend goes from bull to bear or opposite.

Please also notice that Dow theory talks about the market and we here are looking at a stock. Hence, we have an assumption that the market and the stock have a strong enough correlation to use the same theory.

From a primary bear to a primary bull market could look like as follows.

We have added some markers in the diagram.

• LL : Low-Low – meaning that the low is lower than previous low.
• LH : Low-High – meaning that the high is lower than previous high.
• HH : High-High – meaning that the high is higher than previous high.
• HL : High-Low – meaning that the low is higher than previous low.

As you see, the bear market consists of consecutive LL and LH, while a bull market consists of consecutive HH and LH. The market changes from bear to bull when we confidently can say that we will get a HH, which we can do when we cross from the last LL over the last LH (before we reach HH).

Hence, a buy signal can be set when we reach a stock price above last LH.

Similar we can investigate the when a primary trends goes from bull to hear market.

Where we have the same types of markers.

We see that the trend changes from bull to bear when we go from HL to LL. Hence, a sell indicator is when we are sure we reach a LL (that is before it is a LL).

Again, this is not an exact science and is just a way to interpret it. We will try it out on real stock data to see how it performs.

Step 3: Get some data and calculate points of lows and highs

We will use Pandas-datareader to get the time series data from Yahoo! Finance.

import pandas_datareader as pdr
import datetime as dt


ticker = pdr.get_data_yahoo("TWTR", dt.datetime(2020,1,1), dt.datetime.now())

print(ticker)

Resulting in a time series for Twitter, which has the ticker TWTR. You can find other tickers for other companies by using the Yahoo! Finance ticker lookup.

                 High        Low       Open      Close    Volume  Adj Close
Date                                                                       
2020-01-02  32.500000  31.959999  32.310001  32.299999  10721100  32.299999
2020-01-03  32.099998  31.260000  31.709999  31.520000  14429500  31.520000
2020-01-06  31.709999  31.160000  31.230000  31.639999  12582500  31.639999
2020-01-07  32.700001  31.719999  31.799999  32.540001  13712900  32.540001
2020-01-08  33.400002  32.349998  32.349998  33.049999  14632400  33.049999
...               ...        ...        ...        ...       ...        ...
2020-08-12  38.000000  36.820000  37.500000  37.439999  11013300  37.439999
2020-08-13  38.270000  37.369999  37.430000  37.820000  13259400  37.820000
2020-08-14  37.959999  37.279999  37.740002  37.900002  10377300  37.900002
2020-08-17  38.090000  37.270000  37.950001  37.970001  10188500  37.970001
2020-08-18  38.459999  37.740002  38.279999  38.009998   8548300  38.009998

First thing we need to get is to find the low and highs. First challenge here is that the stock price is going up and down during the day. To simplify our investigation we will only use the Close price.

Taking that decision might limit and not give correct results, but it surely simplifies our work.

Next up, we need to identify highs and lows. This can be done to see when a daily difference goes from positive to negative.

import pandas_datareader as pdr
import datetime as dt


ticker = pdr.get_data_yahoo("TWTR", dt.datetime(2020,1,1), dt.datetime.now())

ticker['delta'] = ticker['Close'].diff()
growth = ticker['delta'] > 0
ticker['markers'] = growth.diff().shift(-1)

print(ticker)

Please notice the shit(-1) as it moves the indicator on the day of the change.

2020-08-05  37.340000  36.410000  36.560001  36.790001   10052100  36.790001  0.440002   False
2020-08-06  37.810001  36.490002  36.849998  37.689999   10478900  37.689999  0.899998    True
2020-08-07  38.029999  36.730000  37.419998  37.139999   11335100  37.139999 -0.549999    True
2020-08-10  39.169998  37.310001  38.360001  37.439999   29298400  37.439999  0.299999    True
2020-08-11  39.000000  36.709999  37.590000  37.279999   20486000  37.279999 -0.160000    True
2020-08-12  38.000000  36.820000  37.500000  37.439999   11013300  37.439999  0.160000   False
2020-08-13  38.270000  37.369999  37.430000  37.820000   13259400  37.820000  0.380001   False
2020-08-14  37.959999  37.279999  37.740002  37.900002   10377300  37.900002  0.080002   False
2020-08-17  38.090000  37.270000  37.950001  37.970001   10188500  37.970001  0.070000   False
2020-08-18  38.459999  37.740002  38.279999  38.009998    8548300  38.009998  0.039997     NaN

Where we have output above. The True values are when we reach Highs or Lows.

Now we have identified all the potential HH, LH, LH, and LL.

Step 4: Implement a simple trial of sell and buy

We continue our example on Twitter and see how we can perform.

Our strategy will be as follows.

• We either have bought stocks for all our money or not. That is, either we have stocks or not.
• If we do not have stocks, we buy if stock price is above last high, meaning that a HH is coming.
• If we do have stocks, we sell if stock price is below last low, meaning that a LL is coming.

This can mean that we enter market in the last of a bull market. If you were to follow the theory complete, it suggest to wait until a bear market changes to a bull market.

import pandas_datareader as pdr
import datetime as dt


ticker = pdr.get_data_yahoo("TWTR", dt.datetime(2020,1,1), dt.datetime.now())

ticker['delta'] = ticker['Close'].diff()
growth = ticker['delta'] > 0
ticker['markers'] = growth.diff().shift(-1)

# We want to remember the last_high and last_low
# Set to max value not to trigger false buy
last_high = ticker['Close'].max()
last_low = 0.0
# Then setup our account, we can only have stocks or not
# We have a start balance of 100000 $
has_stock = False
balance = 100000
stocks = 0
for index, row in ticker.iterrows():
  # Buy and sell orders
  if not has_stock and row['Close'] > last_high:
    has_stock = True
    stocks = balance//row['Close']
    balance -= row['Close']*stocks
  elif has_stock and row['Close'] < last_low:
    has_stock = False
    balance += row['Close']*stocks
    stocks = 0

  # Update the last_high and last_low
  if row['markers']:
    if row['delta'] > 0:
      last_high = row['Close']
    else:
      last_low = row['Close']


print("Dow returns", balance + stocks*ticker['Close'].iloc[-1])

# Compare this with a simple buy and hold approach.
buy_hold_stocks = 100000//ticker['Close'].iloc[0]
buy_hold = 100000 - buy_hold_stocks*ticker['Close'].iloc[0] + buy_hold_stocks*ticker['Close'].iloc[-1]
print("Buy-and-hold return", buy_hold)

Which results in the following results.

Dow returns 120302.0469455719
Buy-and-hold return 117672.44716644287

That looks promising, but it might be just out of luck. Hence, we want to validate with other examples. The results say a return of investment of 20.3% using our Dow theory approach, while a simple buy-and-hold strategy gave 17.7%. This is over the span of less than 8 months.

The thing you would like to achieve with a strategy is to avoid big losses and not loose out on revenue. The above testing does not justify any clarification on that.

Step 5: Try out some other tickers to test it

A first investigation is to check how the algorithm performs on other stocks. We make one small adjustment, as the comparison to buy on day-1, might be quite unfair. If price is low, it an advantage, while if the price is high, it is a big disadvantage. The code below runs on multiple stocks and compare the first buy with a Dow approach (as outlined in this tutorial) with a buy-and-hold approach. The exit of the market might also be unfair.

import pandas_datareader as pdr
import datetime as dt

def dow_vs_hold_and_buy(ticker_name):
  ticker = pdr.get_data_yahoo(ticker_name, dt.datetime(2020,1,1), dt.datetime.now())

  ticker['delta'] = ticker['Close'].diff()
  growth = ticker['delta'] > 0
  ticker['markers'] = growth.diff().shift(-1)

  # We want to remember the last_high and last_low
  # Set to max value not to trigger false buy
  last_high = ticker['Close'].max()
  last_low = 0.0
  # Then setup our account, we can only have stocks or not
  # We have a start balance of 100000 $
  has_stock = False
  balance = 100000
  stocks = 0
  first_buy = None
  for index, row in ticker.iterrows():
    # Buy and sell orders
    if not has_stock and row['Close'] > last_high:
      has_stock = True
      stocks = balance//row['Close']
      balance -= row['Close']*stocks
      if first_buy is None:
        first_buy = index
    elif has_stock and row['Close'] < last_low:
      has_stock = False
      balance += row['Close']*stocks
      stocks = 0

    # Update the last_high and last_low
    if row['markers']:
      if row['delta'] > 0:
        last_high = row['Close']
      else:
        last_low = row['Close']

  dow_returns = balance + stocks*ticker['Close'].iloc[-1]

  # Compare this wiith a simple buy and hold approach.
  buy_hold_stocks = 100000//ticker['Close'].loc[first_buy]
  buy_hold_returns = 100000 - buy_hold_stocks*ticker['Close'].loc[first_buy] + buy_hold_stocks*ticker['Close'].iloc[-1]

  print(ticker_name, dow_returns > buy_hold_returns, round(dow_returns/1000 - 100, 1), round(buy_hold_returns/1000 - 100, 1))


tickers = ["TWTR", "AAPL", "TSLA", "BAC", "KO", "GM", "MSFT", "AMZN", "GOOG", "FB", "INTC", "T"]
for ticker in tickers:
  dow_vs_hold_and_buy(ticker)

Resulting in the following output.

TWTR   True  20.3  14.4
AAPL  False  26.4  52.3
TSLA   True 317.6 258.8
BAC    True -16.3 -27.2
KO     True  -8.2 -14.6
GM     True   8.9 -15.1
MSFT  False  26.2  32.1
AMZN  False  32.8  73.9
GOOG  False   7.1  11.0
FB     True  18.3  18.2
INTC  False -34.9 -18.4
T     False -25.3 -20.8

This paints a different picture. First, it seems more random if it outperforms the buy-and-hold approach.

The one performing best is the General Motors Company (GM), but it might be due to unlucky entering of the market. The stock was high in the beginning of the year, and then fell a lot. Hence, here the Dow helped to exit and enter the market correct.

Intel Corporation (INTC) is working a lot against us. While there is a big loss (-18.4%), it is not saved by our Dow theory algorithm. There was a big loss in stock value 24th of July with 20% from close the day before to open. The Dow cannot save you for situations like that and will sell on the far bottom.

The Apple (AAPL) is also missing a lot of gain. The stock is in a great growth in 2020, with some challenges in March and after (Corona hit). But looking and buy and sell signals, it hits sell higher than the following buy and losses out on gain.

Amazon (AMZN) seems to be the same story. Growth in general and hitting buying on higher than previous sell, and loosing out on profit.

Next steps and considerations

We have made some broad simplifications in our algorithm.

• Only consider Close value, while a normal way to find the markers are on a OHLC candlestick diagram.
• If we used the span of the day price, then we might limit our losses with a stop-loss order earlier.
• This is not an exact science, and the trends might need a different way to identify them.

Hence, the above suggest it can be more adjusted to real life.

Another thing to keep in mind is that you should never make your investment decision on only one indicator or algorithm choice.